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1989-09-24
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================================================================================
Airfoil generator utilizing the Joukowski transformation
Written by: Russell Leighton
762 1/2 W. Newgrove
Lancaster, CA 93534
22 March 1987
Addendum by: David Foster
1060 Hemlock Drive
Rochester, MI 48063
19 June 1988
================================================================================
The following paper is a condensed version of the paper I
originally wrote describing the Joukowski tranformation. It was
submitted to the Aeronautical and Mechanical Engineering
Department, School of Engineering and Technology of the
California Polytechnic State University in San Luis Obispo, CA
June 1984.
================================================================================
A Computational Flow Visualization Technique Utilizing the
Joukowski Transformation
Written by: Russell A. Leighton
LIST OF SYMBOLS:
u - Real component in w-plane
v - Imaginary component in w-plane
w - Complex resultant plane
x - Real component in z-plane
y - Imaginary component in z-plane
z - Complex source plane
i - Imaginary unit (square root of -1)
***
U - Free stream velocity
r - Circle radius
alpha - angle of incidence
***
INTRODUCTION:
Conformal mapping is a very useful mathematical tool and has
applications in the engineering field. One particular application
utilizes conformal mapping to simplify the visualization of fluid
flow about airfoil sections. By simplfing the mathematics this
technique allows for faster computation and therefore could be used
for real time computational flow visualization. The potential uses
for a computational flow visualization technique range from an
educational tool, illustrating the behavior of fluid flow about
airfoils, to an advanced modeling tool. Since the actual flow is
computed about a simple shape, the circle, development of the flow
visualization equations is straight forward.
The following sections will discuss the development of the mapping
equations, the streamline and pressure distribution equations, and
reverse mapping equations necessary for the calculation of the
circle parameters given airfoil data.
DISCUSSION:
Conformal Mapping
-----------------
Conformal mapping is a mathematical tool that can be used to
visualize the nature of complex functions. A definition of
conformal mapping can be understood by picturing two distinct
planes, the source plane (z-plane) and the resultant plane
(w-plane). Given a domain D of the z-plane and a complex function,
w = f(z) relating the z-plane to the w-plane, for each point in
domain D there exists a corresponding point in the w-plane. If the
function, f(z) is an analytic function then the mapping given by
f(z) is said to be conformal, or angle-preserving, except at points
where the derivative, f'(z) is zero.
The general form of the complex function relating the z-plane to
the w-plane is:
(1) w = f(z) = u(x,y) + (i)v(x,y)
where: z = x + (i)y
The point wo = f(zo) corresponding to a point zo is called the
"image" of the point zo with respect to the mapping defined by
f(z). A set of points representing a function in the z-plane will
have a corresponding set of points, or "image" in the w-plane.
Points located in the z-plane, such that the derivative of the
mapping function goes to zero, are called critical points. At
these points the mapping is said to be non-conformal (i.e. the
angles are not preserved). As will be shown, these points are
important for the following mapping.
The Joukowski Transformation
----------------------------
The following mapping function is important in the field of
aerodynamics because of the nature of its' transformation. With
this mapping function if a circle is plotted in the z-plane, such
that its' center is near the origin and it passes through one
critical point, it will be transformed into an airfoil shape. The
form of this function is:
(2) w = z + 1/z
Its' derivative is:
(3) w' = 1 - 1/z = (z + 1)(z - 1)/z
Therefore, the mapping will be conformal except at points z = 1
and z = -1, where w' goes to zero. If plotted it would be evident
that passing through one of these points will produce a sharp edge
resembling the trailing edge of an airfoil. If the geometry of a
circle is such that one of the critical points is intersected
while the other is bypassed, an airfoil shape will result from the
transformation. This transformation is commonly known as the
Joukowski transformation which was named for the Russian
mathematician, Nikolai Jegorovich Joukowski for his initial use
of this mapping function.
***
See below for second critical point location
***
Computer Implementation
-----------------------
The derivation of the equations suitable for computer implementation
is as follows. Given the complex function:
(4) w = u + (i)v = z + 1/z
where u is the horizontal component in the w-plane and v is the
vertical component. If
(5) z = x + (i)y
then
(6) 1/z = [1/(x + (i)y)][(x - (i)y)/(x - (i)y)]
Separate the real and imaginary parts to obtain
(7) 1/z = (x/s) - (i)(y/s)
where: s = x^2 + y^2
therefore, from equation (4)
(8) u = x + x/s
(9) v = y - y/s
where: s = x^2 + y^2
These equations define the mapping process and can be easily
implemented into computer software (see C source listing).
To define the circle in the z-plane the radius and the location
of its' center are necessary. Since the circle must pass through
one of the two critical points and bypass the other it is
necessary that the radius be greater than one. This is actually
more information than is required to define the circle. For
example, one component of the circle center location could be
calculated from the other component, the radius, and the known
critical point (e.g. -1,0). Likewise, any of the other parameters
may be calculated if the remaining parameters are known.
The Inverse Mapping
-------------------
It has been shown that airfoil shapes may be easily obtained from
the Joukowski transformation of the relativily simple shape, the
circle. However, it is not convenient to define these airfoil
shapes in terms of their corresponding circle parameters (the radius
and center location). To determine the necessary circle parameters,
an inverse mapping (or a mapping from the w-plane to the z-plane)
may be performed.
Two airfoil parameters, the camber and thickness, are useful for
defining the airfoil. A very simple inverse mapping, requiring
only three points to be mapped, can be found by specifing the
camber and thickness at the mid-chord location. The derivation
of this inverse mapping is rather involved, therefore, it is
left to the reader to determine, if so interested (or just take a
look at the C source listing and try to figure it out).
Flow About Cylinders and Airfoils
---------------------------------
The usefulness of the Joukowski transformation is derived mostly
from the fact that a circle is a much simpler shape than the
airfoil section. This property of this particular mapping can be
further exploited by recognizing that not only is the airfoil
exactly represented by the circle (or a unit depth cylinder), but
the region about the airfoil is also represented by the region
surrounding the cylinder. This means that any curves plotted about
the cylinder, in the z-plane, have corresponding curves located
about the airfoil, in the w-plane. Specifically, streamline and
pressure distribution plots may be computed for the cylinder and
then mapped onto the w-plane in order to obtain the corresponding
streamline and pressure distribution plots about the airfoil.
Again the equations for the streamline and pressure distribution
plots can be derived by the reader if so interested (the theory
can be found in most aeronautical engineering references).
***
* Also Advanced Engineering Mathematics,C.R.Wylie, pp 416-428
* McGraw Hill
***
Angle of Attack and Rotation Tranformation